Role of Information and Communication Technology in Banking in Nepal free essay sample

The utilization of data and correspondence innovation has taken more extensive degree in the financial segments than earlier years due to the scope of the individuals to the ICT framework and simple accessibility of its items. The utilization of ICT has been for long time in the western nations, for example, USA, UK, Australia and some more. Be that as it may, the simple access to web and other keen ICT item has made simpler sending of innovation to the creating nations. In the unique situation, Nepal is one of the nations who arrived behind schedule in the sending such new innovation in the financial area. Organization of new ICT has consistently been trying in the financial area of nation like Nepal to contend in showcase. As a major aspect of WTO (world Trade Organization) Nepal has made its way for the worldwide market. Banking in setting of Nepal dated back to fifteenth of November 1937. Before that all the monetary exchange was finished by the private banks without the a specific standards and the principles. We will compose a custom article test on Job of Information and Communication Technology in Banking in Nepal or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The bank set up on that day was Nepal bank constrained which is a business bank. After numerous long periods of arranging and conceptualization, a focal or save bank was framed as â€Å"Nepal Rastra Bank† observing and coaching the whole financial areas of Nepal. The significant banks of Nepal have now actualized new innovation to render administration to their customer. The advances they are utilizing are ATMs on significant urban communities, web based financial framework, and versatile financial framework. The utilization of ATM permits customers to get to their money whenever they are needing it. In addition, the usage of on the web and portable banking permits adaptability and solace to the customer to follow their investment funds and spending and furthermore give the office of online buy and installments. By the utilization this kinds of data and correspondence innovation has assisted with developing the advantages of the establishment and streamline the every day activity of the association.

Fixed Assets

Representing Fixed Assets Accounting for Fixed Assets Second Edition Raymond H. Peterson John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Copyright  © 2002 by John Wiley and Sons, Inc. , New York. All rights reserved.No some portion of this distribution might be repeated, put away in a recovery framework or transmitted in any structure or using any and all means, electronic, mechanical, copying, recording, filtering or something else, aside from as allowed under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the earlier composed consent of the Publisher, or approval through installment of the fitting per-duplicate charge to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4744.Requests to the Publisher for authorization ought to be routed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. , 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158-0012, (212) 850-6011, fax (212) 850-6008, E-Mail: PERMREQ @ WILEY. COM. This distribution is intended to give precise and legitimate data as to the topic secured. It is sold with the understanding that the distributer isn't occupied with rendering legitimate, bookkeeping, or other expert services.If lawful exhortation or other master help is required, the administrations of a skillful expert individual ought to be looked for. This title is likewise accessible in print as ISBN 0-471-09210-X. Some substance that shows up in the print rendition of this book may not be accessible in this electronic version. For more data about Wiley items, visit our site at www. Wiley. com To various individuals who affected my life and set me up for the activity of making this book: First, my mom, who instructed me to peruse, however permitted me to encounter the happiness regarding reading.She opened up for me the huge information accessible in libraries. Dr. Swim Moorehouse, resigned Professor of Accounting and previous Chairman of the Department of Business and Economics at California State University, Hayward, who numerous years prior, when I was an undergrad understudy in his bookkeeping course, animated my fervor about the bookkeeping capacity. Favored with classes of less than six understudies in another college, we spent many class hours talking about the hypothesis of accounting.These conversations largy affected my profession bearing. Baron Malone, a District Accounting Manager, who right off the bat in my profession constrained me to build up my own musings and not simply depend on past training. He likewise constrained me to aquire the aptitude of transcription, which made the production of this book a chance. Dodie Peterson, world’s best secretary, who changed over my ramblings into an original copy. Substance About the Author Preface Chapter 1 What Is Accounting for Fixed Assets?Introduction Consumption of Benefits Characteristics of Assets Need to Change Chapter 2 What Is an Asset? Presentation Historical Cost Matching Principle Fixed Assets Propert y Plant Equipment Defining Assets Government Accounting User Fees Not-revenue driven Accounting xv xvii 1 3 4 9 11 12 13 14 16 17 18 20 22 24 vii viii Contents Chapter 3 Classifications of Asset Transactions Introduction Classification Systems Accounting Policy Decisions Coding of Transactions Property Record Coding System 7 27 28 31 33 34 39 40 44 47 48 49 52 54 55 56 57 58 59 Chapter 4 Determining Base Unit Introduction Definition of Base Unit Purpose of a Base Unit Establishing Base Units Decision Rules Difficulties in Establishment Land Buildings Equipment Criteria for Establishing Base Units Examples Spare Parts Chapter 5 Control of Property, Plant, and Equipment Introduction Asset Accountant Asset Custodian Inventories Property Record System Identification of Assets Farm Owner Applied Numbers Contents ixIdentification of Specific Asset Items to Be Tagged Bar Coded Tags Security Chapter 6 Asset Policies Manual Introduction Purpose Creating the Manual Partial Sample Manual Use o f the Manual Property, Plant, and Equipment Custodian’s Responsibilities of Asset Accountant Procedures for Purchase of Physical Assets Approval Limits Minimum Capitalization Level Items Always Charged to Expense Account Transaction Reports Data Definitions Chapter 7 Establishing Value Introduction Historical Cost Other Values Uses of Values Insurance Collateral for a Loan Purchase or Sale of a Complete Business First Creation of Property Record 0 61 64 65 67 69 72 73 75 76 77 83 84 85 86 87 x ContentsValuation Techniques Management Information Periodic Assessment of Value Chapter 8 Allocation of Costs to Accounting Periods Introduction Costs of Using up Assets Depreciation Estimated Life Cost Basis Allocation Methods Accelerated Depreciation Other Depreciation Concerns Tax versus Book Depreciation Balance Sheet Disclosure Not-revenue driven Organizations Chapter 9 Regulated Utilities Introduction Differences in GAAP Telecommunications Accounting Basic Property Record Telecom munications Plant in Service Chart of Accounts Railroads Property Accounts Cost of Construction Units of Property List of Units of Property Accounting for Engineering Costs 88 89 90 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 105 106 107 109 110 111 114 115 Contents xiCommon and Contract Motor Carriers of Passengers Carrier Operating Property Depreciation Minor Items Uniform System of Accountsâ€Tangible Accounts Account Definitions Chapter 10 Government Accounting Introduction Measurement Focus Fund Accounting Funding for Government Assets Accounting Standard Setting Measuring Service Efforts and Accomplishments Current Government GAAP Property Records Infrastructure Assets Measurement of Utilization Establishing Property Record Establishing Property Record Units Infrastructure Property Units Planning Accounting Policies Software Selection Off-the-Shelf Software Chapter 11 Not-revenue driven Accounting Introduction Accounting Definition of Not-revenue driven Organizations 117 119 123 124 125 12 6 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 xii ContentsAccounting Problems of Not-revenue driven Organizations Formal Accounting Standards Need for Change in Not-revenue driven Accounting for Property, Plant, and Equipment Creating Property Records Property Record System Documentation Chapter 12 Creation and Verification of Property Records Introduction Purpose of Property Record New Concept Requirements for a Physical Asset Database Property Record Units Coding Systems Property Record Codes for Motor Vehicles Other Codes Required Property Record ID Number Maintenance of the Property Record Database Responsibilities of Asset Manager Updating Records Recording Maintenance Costs Verification of Physical Existence Military Commander Approach Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Fully Depreciated Assets Reports from the Property Record System Chapter 13 Computer Programs Introduction Asset Database Software 138 139 140 141 143 145 147 149 150 151 152 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 163 164 165 167 167One-Write Systems Existing Database Programs Software Selection Off-the-Shelf Property Record Database Packages Review Copies of Software Evaluation of Software Packages Program Review Checklist for Program Review Database Fields Bibliography Index 168 169 170 171 172 175 176 179 185 xiii About the Author Raymond (Ray) H. Peterson is as of now the senior accomplice of Ray Peterson and Associates, a counseling firm contribution business help with setting up and changing bookkeeping frameworks. He has filled in as the treasurer of various philanthropic associations. He has more than thirty years experience as an administration bookkeeper with the Bell System. He resigned as Director of Financial Accounting with Pacific Bell. Mr. Peterson has dealt with the structure of Pacific Telephone and Telegraph Companies detail property records.During the three-year separation of the Bell System, he was delegated to a Federal Communications Commission team to make another uniform arrangement of records for phone organizations. The proposed framework was received by the FCC and was introduced in all phone organizations. Mr. Peterson served for a long time on the Institute of Management Accountants Financial Accounting Standards Committee and its antecedent Subcommittee on Management Accounting Statement Promulgation. He got a BS from California State University at Hayward and a MBA from Golden Gate University in San Francisco. He additionally showed bookkeeping and the executives data frameworks at Golden Gate University. xv PrefaceSince the primary release of this book in 1994, very little change has happened to bookkeeping principles for Property, Plant, and Equipment in business. The GAAP declared by the Financial Accounting, FASB, has been to facilitate the idea of recognizing the expense of an advantage and spreading that cost over the bookkeeping time frames that advantage. Representing commitments, impedances, and financing of advantages have been tended to by the FASB. Conversely, much has occurred in the territories of Not-for-Profit and Government representing fixed resources. FASB requested the capitalization of benefits and charging of deterioration by Not-for-Profits. The administration Accounting measures Board was made as an equivalent to the FASB with the power and duty to proclaim GAAP for governments.They supplanted the Government Finance Officers Association and its â€Å"Blue Book†, Governmental Accounting, Auditing, and Financial Reporting as the â€Å"official† bookkeeping rules for State and Local government. An early advance by the new GASB was to suspend devaluation for â€Å"government† not-revenue driven bookkeeping. There was an assurance of purview among FASB and GASB which are illustrated in Chapter 10, â€Å"Government Accounting† and Chapter 11, â€Å"Not-For-Profit Accounting. † Then the GASB gave idea papers that moved government bookkeeping toward the practices since a long time ago held as appr

When three worlds mee essays

At the point when three universes mee expositions Toward the finish of the fifteenth century, Christopher Columbus started an excursion. His excursion would get under way, the social crash, of another world. This new world would now be the new home for Europeans, Africans, and a changed home for Native Americans. The occupants of this new world would discover comfort in their similitudes and trouble in their disparities. In any case, it is in these similitudes and contrasts that will shape and make their new land. The similitudes and contrasts, of these different individuals, were many. We will concentrate on their social orders, work rehearses, religions, societies, legislative issues, and the relationship of people inside these themes. These points themselves are various and as we will discover the impact of these different individuals helped shape the America we know today. The way of life we perceive today of European, African, and Native American are very unique in correlation from them in the fifteenth century. The Europeans of that time lived in a man centric culture, in this general public men where the predominant power. The measure of control or force each man had was basically founded on their bloodlines. This was a patrilineal way. Your status in the public arena depended on who your dad was and the higher your dad was on the political stepping stool, the higher the status, his family would get. For instance, the more youthful children of an English respectable, who were deficient with regards to property at home, were given new land to reign over in the new world. (www.pbs.org) This English respectability sentiment of prevalence overflowed into their work rehearses too. The work practices of the Europeans were explicitly differing and frequently inflexible. The men assumed the predominant job at home. The men were spouse, father, rancher, jack of all trades, defender, and supplier. While the ladies were left with mother, spouse, performer, field hand, house cleaner, and cook. There was an extraordinary gap between the genders. Ladies didn't claim property and had hardly any rights... <!

Marketing the Nintendo free essay sample

Relating applicable promoting hypotheses to various parts of Nintendo’s advertising plan. Talking about how Nintendo are endeavoring to impact, adjust or sway the consumer’s conduct specifically. 3. Association and Product Overview Nintendo Co Ltd was established 1889 in Kyoto, Japan; by Fusajiro Yamauchi. This organization would in the long run proceed to create and discharge this ages best gaming console; the ‘Nintendo Wii’. Initially the organization delivered and advertised a playing game called Hanafuda. Getting very effective here the organization in the long run enrolled on the Osaka stock trade in 1962 and kept on driving further into the Japanese toy showcase (building up a grouping of toys over the timespan). In the 1970’s Nintendo began acquainting electronic innovation with the Japanese toy industry; finishing in 1976 with the arrival of the principal home TV game (‘Colour TV Game 6’). The Nintendo as we probably am aware it today had been conceived. Nintendo have discharged numerous electronic equipment and programming throughout the years; uilding up a solid relationship with the purchaser en route. We will compose a custom paper test on Advertising the Nintendo or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page With its arrival of incalculable gaming consoles and characters that have gotten symbol status all through the world, Nintendo is presently a perceived name all through the world. By watching the organization history we can perceive how through steady fruitful discharges Nintendo has supported a solid brand unwaveringness from its buyers. Presented in 1985, ‘Nintendo Entertainment System’ was a moment hit; practically without any help reviving the computer game industry. Selling more than 60 million units, this item acquainted customers with the names Mario and Zelda for the main occasions. Following the achievement of the NES, Nintendo discharged the famous Game Boy in 1889 (a hand held gaming framework). In spite of the fact that the screen was just 4 shades of dark, the gadget characterized convenient gaming and was amazingly agreeable. â€Å"Game Boy is the best computer game ever†¦ selling more than 150 million duplicates worldwide† (History-Nintendo, recovered on 20/5/11 from http://www. nintendo. com. au/list. php? pageID=13). The Game Boy would see itself consistently enhanced throughout the years. Anyway Nintendo didn’t overlook its home gaming reassures during this time, attempting to discharge all the more remarkable gaming comforts, beginning with the 16 piece ‘Super Nintendo’ (discharged 1991) and its replacement the ‘Nintendo 64’ (discharged 1997). With the N64 setting new principles in reasonable gaming. With the N64’s achievement driving the path for the Nintendo’s ‘Game Cube’, this was the first Nintendo item to use plate innovation rather than cartridges. The ‘Game Cube’ was the last advance that prompted the improvement of the Wii. With every antecedent (both home and versatile consoles) including little bits of customer data, shopper devotion/base, innovative headways and friends encounters to its turn of events. The Wii was imagined in 2001, around a similar time the ‘GameCube’ was first observing discharge. Shigeru Miyamoto (co fashioner) expressed in a meeting that the idea included concentrating on another type of player communication. The accord was that power isnt everything for a support. Such a large number of amazing consoles cannot exist together. Its like having just brutal dinosaurs. They may battle and rush their own termination. (The Big Ideas Behind Nintendos Wii, recovered on 20/5/11 from http://www. businessweek. com/innovation/content/nov2006/tc20061116_750580. htm). It was imagined as a modest, all the more effectively available, fun gaming framework. Intended for a more extensive crowd; restricted to its primary rivalry the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3. The Wii was structured with certain distinctions to its forerunners and rivals. The primary contrast is in the controller. Wii uses a remote, movement location controller that looks like a TV remote control. This was chosen to permit more grown-ups and non-gamers to appreciate the Wii; as the movement catch viewpoint permitted all ages and experience levels to get a controller and point, swing or cut away. This innovation in the end driving the path for the ‘Wii Fit’ item run; which in itself is a colossal achievement. Another distinction is in the cost, with Wii just costing $250 US facing the $500-$600 cost for rivalry comforts. Since its dispatch, the business quantities of the Wii have been higher than its rivals far and wide. With the Wii selling more units in America (first 50% of 2007) than the Xbox 360 and the PS3 joined. (Nintendo the huge victor, PS3 dead keep going for the primary portion of 2007); with this lead significantly bigger in the Japanese market. As of April, 2011, Nintendo reported they had sold 86. 01 million Wii comforts. (Nintendo: Wii replacement coming in 2012 recovered on 20/6/11 from http://news. cnet. com/8301-13772_3-20056950-52. tml) With Nintendo’s colossal client base, notoriety for excellent items, making of famous names (Mario Donkey Kong ect. ), history of development and comprehension of their new more extensive objective market, it is nothing unexpected that the ‘Wii’ has been as effective as it has been. 4a. Hypothesis 1 †Wii advertising corresponding to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs is a human inspiration hypothesis that is based around the brain research of customers as people with continuous or suffering needs and needs. The hypothesis helps advertisers and makers in figuring out what products and ventures fulfill different ‘levels’ of human necessities, with five essential degrees of requirements that position from low excessively high in need (Refer Appendix A). (Schiffman, 2011). 4b. How does this apply to Nintendo Wii? Nintendo’s Wii is an item that can be related with the prerequisites of physiological needs, social needs and regard or conscience needs. Physiological Needs * Health and wellness * Education * Competition and Entertainment The creation of the Nintendo Wii is tied in with getting gamers off the lounge chair and extending gaming for more noteworthy use in our day by day lives, especially with the improvement of the Wii Fit which considers a fill exercise and achievement of weightless/wellness objectives. Mind preparing games, language games, melodic games and sports/wellness games have had the option to challenge shoppers over a scope of physiological and intellectual aptitudes (Nintendo 2006). The advertising of Wii was planned for advancing the advantages of its utilization, for diversion in a joint effort with the mental advantages and amusement factors. The ‘newness’ of this plan implies that interest was conspicuous in catching and keeping up people’s consideration and want to attempt the new retail. A significant milestone in promoting was additionally made when Nintendo propelled its ‘Ambassador Program’ which was a preliminary for the Wii where individuals could give input on its utilization. This program included multigenerational families, in-your-face gamers and present day Mums facilitating their dearest loved ones of every a get-together that widened the skylines of their objective market (Surette 2006). Showcasing the Wii inside family units as a ‘necessity’ was focused on the physiological needs area of Maslow’s Hierarchy, endeavoring to show that this item can satisfy parts of regular day to day existence for its purchasers. Nintendo additionally guaranteed that the gaming console was made reasonable to shoppers, with bundled packs going from $250 †500 relying upon the adornments required (Nintendo Article). This implied the item was not isolated to being simply a ‘luxury’ thing, and spots it in a feasible section when investigated in Maslow’s hypothesis. Social Needs * Inclusion, significance of the association need Love, friendship and joy * Interaction and connections constructing The making of Wii delivered another character and experience to gaming, utilizing the item available to individuals all things considered and for purposes past amusement. The Wii consolidates both physical and psychological movement in its games, arriving a t a wide assortment of interests. The Wii additionally permits numerous players to be engaged with the game at any one time, which is more than once exhibited in its publicizing efforts, affiliating it with the ‘social needs’ in Maslow’s Hierarchy; where we show the need for ompanionship, incorporation and communication. An essential case of Wii using our inherent requirement for ‘belonging’ as a piece of the showcasing of Wii can be found in TV notices highlighting well known Australian family the McGrath’s playing dynamic and apparently charming games on Wii Sports as a holding meeting. This was a piece of Nintendo focusing on both gamers and non-gamers to this new innovation, bringing an encounter where without the hindrances old enough or past experience (Nintendo Thinkbox 2011). The improvement of social and digital systems related to possession and playing of the Wii assisted with making a ‘community’ of intrigue, again expanding on the requirement for having a place for its individuals. The special procedure by Nintendo to make Wii Sports a standard buy with all Wii’s separates it further from significant rivals in PlayStation, though substitutable merchandise, the Wii works out less expensive with games and support estimating. The Wi-Fi association on the Wii, likewise permits shoppers to play online against companions, making greater interconnectivity and confirmation of social needs (Wii Article). Inner self Needs * Inward or ostensibly connected with confidence * Self-assessing, Achievement * Image Association In Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, the ‘Eg

Where to Find Research Papers Online Discover Google Scholar

Where to Find Research Papers Online: Discover Google Scholar Where to find research papers online? If you use Google as your search engine of choice you will be pleased to learn about Google Scholar, Google ´s Online search engine for scholarly research, papers, articles books, abstracts and more. It is easy to access and you are able to find everything all in one place. Google Scholar is a very useful tool for students. Across all Disciplines Articles and works in the database are too numerous to list. They include articles from economics, arts, physics, mathematics, social sciences, business, humanities, chemistry, engineering and Google Scholar has a special search for case law. In addition to that, Google Scholar offers specific languages you can search with if you need documents in a language other than English, or if the document was only published in one language.   Whatever your subject, give Google Scholar a try first, it will not disappoint. References and Citations As an author of scholarly works, Google scholar offers a citation count and visual aids such as charts, to show you how many times your article has been cited. As a student writing a paper and using the scholarly literature found in Google Scholar, you can cite the referenced work using a link directly from Google Scholar. Google scholar offers the MLA, APA, Chicago, Harvard and Vancouver styles of citation. Your Own Library Once you perform a search you can enable your library in Google Scholar. This library is attached to your Google account which means you can access it wherever you log into Google. Once you find a document you want to add to your library simply click save and the article will be in your library for future reference. You can organize your library by document date, adding labels and other useful features. Types of Publications The publications Google Scholar uses are numerous. However, they do maintain a top 100 list if you would like to browse publications. You may also browse by a specific area of interest. The interface is straightforward, logical and user friendly. Search Features Google scholar has several handy search criteria available to narrow your search. You can search by date published, author name, phrase, exact phrase and title search. You can also use an option to exclude certain words or phrases. In addition to that you can search specific sources, such as searching a specific medical journal or publication. Some articles may require subscriptions but much of what is on Google Scholar is free, so don’t hesitate to use it. You can read many of the articles immediately in Google’s PDF reader, and cite them with a click. In addition to that, once you find an article, Google Scholar offers links below the search result for similar articles and search terms included in the current article to give you even more avenues to explore, making research so much easier. Google Scholar is a top notch tool for any student who needs to write a research paper  from scratch. Its powerful search capabilities, vast selection of publications and languages and features like the library and citations make this a must have tool.

Case Study of GSK Company - 4125 Words

Case Study of GSK Company (Term Paper Sample) Content: ANALYSIS OF THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY: GSK and AstraZenecaByInsert NameInstitutionInstructorDateAnalysis of the pharmaceutical industryPorterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s five forces modelThe model is a depiction of the five fundamental forces that describe the market or industry. The five forces represent the market conditions and provide a guide for strategic decision making by providing the organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s management with facts that can help determine the suitability of the market (Coers et al 2001). The model was invented by Michael E. Porter of the Harvard Business School in 1979 as a way of remedying the shortcomings of SWOT analysis. According to porter, the SWOT analysis approach was quite vague and did not provide a strict framework that could guide the strategic planners. The five forces can be divided into two categories. The first category is the horizontal competitive category and the second class is the vertical competitive category (Russell and Russell 2009). In the first category are three forces, which are: threat of substitute products, threat of rivals that are well established in the industry and the threat of new entrants. The vertical competitive forces are: the bargaining power of suppliers and the bargaining power of the customers. This model can be applied to the pharmaceutical industry, which arguably the most profitable industry in the world in current times. Below is a diagram of the porterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s five force model.Threat of substitute productsFrom market economics, substitutes cause elasticity in the price in relation to demand. This means that where a product has competitors, a small change in price causes a more than proportionate change in the demand for the product (May 2010). This makes it difficult for an organization to introduce any changes in price or products. A situation arises where the sellers are buyers are many and homogeneous. This calls for high degree of differentiation. Operating in such a market is not economically advisable following the volatility. It could be preferable to operate in a market with little competition. As a matter of fact, the global pharmaceutical industry is already established to the extent that no other alternative can come up with products that can match up to the standards of the medicines and drugs produced by the existing firms. With such firms as GSK and AstraZeneca, the manufacturers of what can be defined as substitutes do not produce products that can substitute.It is critical to point out that the only things that can be described as valid and worthy competitors to the products of the giants in the pharmaceutical industry are the drugs that are generic. Generic drugs are not counterfeit products, as common misconception has it. On the contrary, they are those drugs produced by companies that do not have patents to produce the drugs. Apparently, the companies that have patents enjoy the monopoly of producing the drugs for a maximum 20 years. After the 20 years, the patents expire and other companies are allowed to continue manufacturing the drugs. Essentially, what this means is the actuality that during the first 20 years of discovering a drug, the manufacturing company, say GSK does not face any competition from the generic products. In straightforward terms, substitutes do not exist during the first 20 years of producing. Other substitutes that exist are the alternative and usually traditional drugs and remedies. These are common in oriental cultures, especially India and Chinese cultures. Such drugs and remedies include such options as acupuncture, a concept that is fast gaining acceptance in the western world as well. Even so, such alternatives do not pose stiff competition as they have no scientific backing (Pahl and Anne 2009). The threat of substitutes is rated medium to high.Threat from rivals that have established in the industryApparently, challenging a firm that already has a name in the industry is considerably difficult. Where the rivals are established, an organization should always endeavor to emerge with the most effective methods of establishing good will (Ahlstrom and Garry 2010). The primary difference between an organization that has been in operation for a while and one that is not well established is the fact that the one that has been around long enough has had the chance of creating good will and customer loyalty. The pharmaceutical industry is considerably competitive especially considering that the number of well established organizations is very high (Lindgren and Hans 2003). The level of competition is defined by such big organizations as GSK and AstraZeneca, companies that have quite significant synergies especially considering that they have come to be as a result of a series of mergers. Taking GSK as an example, the organization has a long history of merging. Such merging strengthens the organization in the sense that the resource base becomes wide and the competitive ad vantage becomes high. It may be necessary to point out that the level of competition in the pharmaceutical industry is almost fully attributable to merging and partnering. Speaking of partnering, companies have continuously engaged in supplier partnerships, which have ensured stability and business resilience. Research experts explain that the competitive nature of the pharmaceutical industry is attributable to the potential for high returns. Men are left at the mercy of blue movies, which, again, are illegal in Kenya (Jeez, ladies, are you seeing how difficult it is being a Kenyan man?). And even if one were to access such, those available in third-world countries such as Kenya are the low-budget ones where the dominant themes include speed, stamina, and the erroneous perception that size really matters. For instance, most Kenyan men's idea of that thing called foreplay is hard spanking, vulgarity, yelling and barking orders!à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Threat of new entrantsThe one thing undesi rable about new entrants is the actuality that ease of entry is associated with perfect competition (Roy 2009). Perfect competition is a situation where the market is characterized by many buyers, many sellers, and identical products. In such a market, prices go down due to competitions. Noteworthy is the fact that new entrants can be prevented by such things as copy rights and patents (BoÃÅ'hm 2009). In the pharmaceutical industry, the threat of new entrants is extremely low. As a matter of fact, the threat of the entry of new entrants is extremely low, especially considering that the market is densely populated with well established firms, which have committed a very heavy capital outlay to the industry. It might as well be worth mentioning that entering the industry is considerably risky as there may be no return on investment (ROI), especially if a company fails to create a new drug. The heavy capital requirement of joining the pharmaceutical industry is a put off for many inve stors.Bargaining power of suppliersSuppliers have a high bargaining power where the material or whichever resources it is they are supplying is in short supply. During such a time, the people supplying the products are in near full control of the price fluctuations. Perhaps the only way to tame supplier bargaining power is through establishing such concepts as supplier partnerships (Hitt et al 2011). The extent to which the industry is established has led to a number of suppliers. The high population of suppliers has contributed to low supplier bargaining power. Low supplier bargaining power means that the suppliers have little impact on the decision making process of the organizations. However the suppliers in the pharmaceutical industry remain relevant by the fact that such suppliers supply technology, which is continuously advancing. Advancing technology refers to the progressive manner in which technological advancements become realized. Suppliers of specialist knowledge such as the chemists remain substantially relevant as such specialist knowledge is the core of production.Bargaining power of customersTypically, high income is associated with high purchasing power. When the customers have high bargaining power, they are in a position of determining the prices. Substitutes and buyer information availability enhance customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ bargaining power (Jeffs 2008).Considering that the patents of the organizations remain solely in the hands of the discovering organization, it is valid to conclude that the manufacturer, or rather the discoverer of a drug has the right to set the price of the drug, and to determine how such drug will be distributed. After the expiry of the patents, the generic manufacturers flood the industry making the customer become a powerful decision maker and determinant of price and distribution, since the suppliers of the drug increase in number posing competition à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ a factor that leads to low prices.Strategic objectives of the organizationsApparently, GSK and AstraZeneca are the biggest organizations in the pharmaceutical industry. The organizations have been described variously as the fiercest of all competitors in the industry of pharmaceuticals. The 2012 CEO reports on strategy and social responsibility indicate that the organizations are substantially different due to the fact that their aims are different ad that their strategies endeavor to achieve different things. The strategies of the companies were substantially different, yet similar to a big extent. This is to say that the strategies of the companies can be compared and contrasted to a big extent. Strategic objectives are those aims that an organization seeks to achieve, in order to realize the longer term endeavors.The strategic objectives of GSKFrom the 2012 CEO report on strategy and social responsibility, it is clear that the key strategic objective is to achieve a high degree of inn...

A Look At Mental Illness - 2396 Words

Underdiagnosed and Undertreated: A Look at Mental Illness in the Elderly Kourtney Bercheni American Public University System PART I Mental health as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) is â€Å"a state of well-being in which the individual realizes his own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, work productivity and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to the community† (Chaves, et al., 2014). Mental health in the elderly is a growing concern. Many elderly do not seek or receive proper treatment for their mental illness. This is, in part, due to several barriers that prohibit the elderly from seeking help. Mental illness in the elderly is brought up by several different factors, including†¦show more content†¦Mental illness is often detected in the elderly when an additional illness is present. These illnesses can included cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and physical illnesses such as muscular dystrophy. Mental illness in elderly patients is often found in those who are suffering from a chronic illness or a cognitive impairment (Alexopoulos, 2005). This, howe ver, does not imply only those that have a previous illness are subject to a mental illness. Mental illnesses can also arise from factors other than a previous illness. Many elderly have others that help them around the house. Theses caregivers can be family members, friends, or employees through an organization. During their time working with their elderly patient, the caregiver may feel a sense of burden come over them. This in turn, will take a toll on the elderly person as they may feel responsible for the caregiver’s overall sense of well-being. Caregivers can experience two types of burden: objective, a disruption in lifestyle, and subjective, the emotional reactions towards caregiving (Hoyer Roodin, 2009). Objective caregiver burden is most commonly found associated to the mental well-being of the elderly person. The elderly may also develop a mental illness associated with coping. The coping may be brought on by dealing with a physical or mental issues, the burden of having someone look after